Why is it called 'Unani Tibb'?
Introduction
Unani Tibb, often simply referred to as Unani medicine, is a traditional system of healing that has been practiced for centuries. While it has deep roots in ancient Greek, Persian, and Islamic traditions, many people wonder why it is specifically called Unani Tibb. To understand this, we must explore its historical origins and linguistic significance.
The Meaning of ‘Unani’ and ‘Tibb’
The term Unani is derived from the Arabic word for Greece, Yūnān (یونان), which itself comes from the Greek Ionia, a region known for its advancements in philosophy, science, and medicine. This reflects the foundational influence of ancient Greek medicine, particularly the works of Hippocrates (460–370 BCE) and Galen (129–216 CE), on the Unani system.
The word Tibb (طب) is an Arabic term that translates to “medicine” or “healing.” Thus, Unani Tibb literally means “Greek Medicine” or “the medicine of the Greeks,” signifying its historical lineage and the philosophical foundations laid down by early Greek physicians.
Historical Evolution of Unani Tibb
Although the roots of Unani medicine are in Greece, the system underwent significant development and refinement in the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent. The expansion of Islamic civilization played a crucial role in preserving and advancing Greek medical knowledge, as Muslim scholars translated, studied, and expanded upon the works of Hippocrates, Galen, and other Greek medical pioneers.
One of the most influential figures in the evolution of Unani Tibb was Ibn Sina (980–1037 CE), also known as Avicenna in the West. His monumental work, The Canon of Medicine, synthesized Greek medical principles with insights from Persian and Islamic scholars, creating a comprehensive medical system that became the foundation of Unani practice.
During the medieval period, Unani Tibb spread further into South Asia under the influence of the Mughal Empire, where it became an integral part of traditional healing systems in India and beyond. Over time, it incorporated local medicinal herbs and practices, making it a dynamic and evolving medical tradition.
The Core Principles of Unani Tibb
Unani Tibb is based on the humoral theory, which posits that the body is governed by four essential humors:
- Dam (Blood) – Hot and moist
- Balgham (Phlegm) – Cold and moist
- Safra (Yellow bile) – Hot and dry
- Sauda (Black bile) – Cold and dry
Health is achieved when these humors are in balance, while disease arises when they become imbalanced. Unani Tibb emphasizes dietary management, lifestyle changes, herbal medicine, cupping therapy, massage, and detoxification methods to restore harmony within the body.
Unani Tibb in the Indian Subcontinent
Today, Unani Tibb is predominantly practiced in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This is largely due to the historical patronage it received from the Mughal rulers and subsequent recognition by modern governments in the region. Institutions like the Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) in India and the National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM) have played a crucial role in promoting and standardizing Unani practices. Additionally, government support and educational institutions dedicated to Unani medicine have ensured its continued relevance in these countries.
The integration of Unani Tibb with contemporary healthcare policies in South Asia has also helped its survival and growth. In India, for example, Unani medicine is recognized by the Ministry of AYUSH, which regulates its education and practice. This has led to continued research, the establishment of Unani hospitals, and greater acceptance of the system as a complementary medical approach.
Conclusion
The name Unani Tibb reflects the system’s deep connection to Greek medical philosophy while acknowledging its extensive development under Islamic and Persian scholars. Today, while Unani medicine has faded from mainstream practice in many parts of the world, it remains a vital part of traditional healthcare in South Asia. Its integration into modern healthcare frameworks and government recognition have ensured its survival, making it one of the most practiced traditional medical systems in the region. By understanding its origins and evolution, we gain greater appreciation for this enduring and sophisticated healing tradition.
